接着上一个http://jpuyy.com/2012/12/python-simple-programs-a.html
例11.三引号，while循环–Triple-quoted strings, while loop
REFRAIN = '''
%d bottles of beer on the wall,
%d bottles of beer,
take one down, pass it around,
%d bottles of beer on the wall!
'''
bottles_of_beer = 99
while bottles_of_beer > 1:
print REFRAIN % (bottles_of_beer, bottles_of_beer,
bottles_of_beer - 1)
bottles_of_beer -= 1
例12.python中的类–Classes
class BankAccount(object):
def __init__(self, initial_balance=0):
self.balance = initial_balance
def deposit(self, amount):
self.balance += amount
def withdraw(self, amount):
self.balance -= amount
def overdrawn(self):
return self.balance < 0
my_account = BankAccount(15)
my_account.withdraw(5)
print my_account.balance
执行结果是10
例13.使用unittest模块进行单元测试–Unit test with unittest
import unittest
def median(pool):
copy = sorted(pool)
size = len(copy)
if size % 2 == 1:
return copy[(size - 1) / 2]
else:
return (copy[size/2 - 1] + copy[size/2]) / 2
class TestMedian(unittest.TestCase):
def testMedian(self):
self.failUnlessEqual(median([2, 9, 9, 7, 9, 2, 4, 5, 8]), 7)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
执行过程：将中间值计算出来与7比较，如果相等，则通过测试。
例14.基于Doctest的测试–Doctest-based testing
def median(pool):
'''Statistical median to demonstrate doctest.
>>> median([2, 9, 9, 7, 9, 2, 4, 5, 8])
7
'''
copy = sorted(pool)
size = len(copy)
if size % 2 == 1:
return copy[(size - 1) / 2]
else:
return (copy[size/2 - 1] + copy[size/2]) / 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
执行结果：没有输出任何东西，说明中间值是7
例15.使用itertools模块
from itertools import groupby
lines = '''
This is the
first paragraph.
This is the second.
'''.splitlines()
# Use itertools.groupby and bool to return groups of
# consecutive lines that either have content or don't.
for has_chars, frags in groupby(lines, bool):
if has_chars:
print ' '.join(frags)
# PRINTS:
# This is the first paragraph.
# This is the second.
例16.csv模块，元组拆分，内置函数cmp() — csv module, tuple unpacking, cmp() built-in
import csv
# write stocks data as comma-separated values
writer = csv.writer(open('stocks.csv', 'wb', buffering=0))
writer.writerows([
('GOOG', 'Google, Inc.', 505.24, 0.47, 0.09),
('YHOO', 'Yahoo! Inc.', 27.38, 0.33, 1.22),
('CNET', 'CNET Networks, Inc.', 8.62, -0.13, -1.49)
])
# read stocks data, print status messages
stocks = csv.reader(open('stocks.csv', 'rb'))
status_labels = {-1: 'down', 0: 'unchanged', 1: 'up'}
for ticker, name, price, change, pct in stocks:
status = status_labels[cmp(float(change), 0.0)]
print '%s is %s (%s%%)' % (name, status, pct)
例18. 八皇后问题，递归–8-Queens Problem (recursion)
BOARD_SIZE = 8
def under_attack(col, queens):
left = right = col
for r, c in reversed(queens):
left, right = left - 1, right + 1
if c in (left, col, right):
return True
return False
def solve(n):
if n == 0:
return [[]]
smaller_solutions = solve(n - 1)
return [solution+[(n,i+1)]
for i in xrange(BOARD_SIZE)
for solution in smaller_solutions
if not under_attack(i+1, solution)]
for answer in solve(BOARD_SIZE):
print answer